The umayyad caliphate ruled from 661 until 750 and the capital was damascus. Sep 10, 2012 the umayyad caliphate ruled from 661 until 750 and the capital was damascus. Scholars generally consider the umayyad and abbasid dynasties to be the first two caliphates, with the ottoman empire being the third great islamic caliphate. Kay kaus ii qilich arslan iv ala aldin kay qubadh ii joint rule. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in baghdad in modernday iraq, after having overthrown the umayyad caliphate in the abbasid revolution of 750 ce. Aug 12, 2016 the umayyad caliphate, which ruled from 661 until 750 shifted the capital to damascus, syria. Abbasids, descendants of an uncle of muhammad, owed the success of their revolt in large part to their appeal to various pietistic, extremist, or merely disgruntled groups and in particular to the aid of the shi. Yazid acceded after mu awiyas death in 680 and almost immediately faced a challenge to his rule by the kufan. The caliphate continued the arab conquests, incorporating the caucasus, transoxiana, sindh, the maghreb and the iberian peninsula alandalus into the muslim world. The umayyads ruled from 661 to 750, when they were overthrown by the abbasid caliphs. They established a system of hereditary dynastic rule and their capital city was damascus in presentday syria.
There was significant territorial overlap between all three. It ruled over spain, northern africa, mesopotamia and the caucasus. It was the largest empire in the world at the time. Like the umayyad caliphate before it, the leader of the abbasids was called the caliph. The umayyads ruled effectively and firmly established the political authority of the caliphate, rebellions were.
After ali was assassinated, his rival muwaiyah established the umayyad caliphate in damascus, which went on to conquer an empire stretching from spain and portugal in the west through north africa and the middle east to central asia in the east. The banu umayya or umayyads, were the ruling family of the islamic caliphate. Following the brief reign of marwan i, the caliphate of abd almalik restores umayyad rule and sees. Umayyad caliphate the reader wiki, reader view of wikipedia. The caliphate was the name of the lands ruled by muslims from ad 632 to 1258. The second caliphate, the umayyad caliphate, was ruled by banu umayya, a meccan clan descended from umayya ibn abd shams. Did not go to damascus but stayed and ruled in medina when. During the time of the abbasids, the caliph was usually the son or other closest male relative of the previous caliph. Aug 07, 2014 the second caliphate begin in 661, after the first muslim civil war, and lasted until 750 ad. During his short reign as caliph, abu bakr put down rebellions by various arab tribes after muhammad died and established the caliphate as the ruling force in the region. The umayyad caliphate was the second of the four major islamic caliphates established after the death of muhammad it was the largest empire in the world at the time.
The umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph, uthman ibn affan r. They were overthrown by the abbasids in 750 when they revolted in the east. The umayyad caliphate, which emerged after the rashidun caliphate collapsed. They established a system of hereditary dynastic rule and their capital city was damascus in. Umawiyah was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of muhammad.
It is the fifth largest empire in history it was ruled by the umayyad dynasty arabic. How did the ottoman empire become the third great islamic. The umayyads ruled effectively and firmly established the political. Choose from 82 different sets of umayyad caliphate flashcards on quizlet. A convincing argument could be made either way, depending on which similarities or differences you choose to emphasize.
A caliphate is the area ruled by a caliph, the spiritual successor to prophet mohammed. List of rulers of the islamic world lists of rulers heilbrunn. Jan 15, 2018 the umayyad caliphate was the second of four islamic caliphates and was founded in arabia after the prophet muhammads death. A list of caliphs and wazirs in the islamic world covering dynastic reigns rashidun, umayyad, abbasid, barmakid, tulunid, ikhshidid, fatimid. Learn umayyad caliphate with free interactive flashcards. Umayyad dynasty of the arab empire conquered territories, and ruled more than 11 000 000 km2 of land.
It threatened the byzantine empire as well as christian europe. The nearly 100 years of umayyad rule were divided between two branches of the familythe sufyanid, which reigned from 661 to 684, and the marwanid, which reigned from 684 to 750, the end of the umayyad caliphate. Della vida further asserts that since the umayyads who appear at the beginning of muslim history in the early 7th century were no later than. But this caliphate is commonly known as umayyad dynasty as it was centered on the umayyad clan of quraysh tribe of makkah. The umayyad caliphate became one of the largest unitary states in history and one of the few states to ever extend direct rule over three continents. Then the empire became fragmented, but the abbasid dynasty survived as a weaker and weaker state until. The last of the marwani caliphs to enjoy long reigns in umayyad dynasty was hisham ibn abd almalik who ruled for 20 years from 724 to 743 a. From the abulis line came the politically important family of asid ibn abulis, whose members served military and gubernatorial posts under various rashidun and umayyad caliphs. The umayyads capital was based in damascus which was a strategic location for expansion. This caliphate was centered on the umayyad dynasty, hailing from mecca. In the century after the death of ali, a series of caliphs ruled the islamic empire, all of whom were connected by clan the umayyad clan to uthma. Ruled by a caliph arabic khalifah, successor, the caliphate grew rapidly during its first two centuries. Caliphate, the state comprising the muslim community in the centuries after the death of muhammad.
The umayyad caliphate, which ruled from 661 until 750 shifted the capital to damascus, syria. Abu bakr was the fatherinlaw of muhammad and was an early convert to islam. Did the next group of caliphs the umayyad ruled from. The first caliph was abu bakr who ruled from 632634 ce. The umayyad headquarters were in damascus, syria, and the syrian army became its military support. Umayyad caliphate was the second muslim caliphate that emerged after rashidun caliphate. Prior to the advent of islam, the umayyads were a largely merchant family of the quraysh tribe centered at mecca. Dynastic struggles later caused its decline, and it ceased to exist as an effective institution in the th century. What was the capital of the umayyad caliphate answers. A brief history of the umayyad caliphate exploring history. The umayyad caliphate was brought to an end in 750. The umayyad dynasty 661750 ce, the first dynasty to take the title of caliphate, was established in 661 ce by muawiya l.
Then the empire became fragmented, but the abbasid dynasty survived as a. The umayyads reclaimed their right to the caliphate during the reign of abd alrahman iii r. Under the umayyads, the caliphate territory grew rapidly. Umayyad dynasty, also spelled omayyad, the first great muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the caliphate 661750 ce, sometimes referred to as the arab kingdom reflecting traditional muslim disapproval of the secular nature of the umayyad state. The umayyad caliphate 661750 was the first islamic dynasty. It succeeded the rashidun caliphate when muawiyah i became caliph after the first muslim. The umayyad caliphate was the second of four islamic caliphates and was founded in arabia after the prophet muhammads death. They ruled as caliphs for most of their period from their capi the fatimid caliphate was an ismaili shia islamic caliphate th rashidun caliphate 632661.
The umayyad caliphate was an empire that stretched to 3 continents within just less than a century. They were the first dynasty to rule empire after the caliphate. Expansion under the umayyad caliphates world civilization. This period saw the expansion of the muslim empires out of spain and later into france which was later opposed and stopped in 736 a. Muawiyah i established his capital in the city of damascus where the umayyads would rule the islamic empire for nearly 100 years. Although the umayyad caliphate did not rule all of the sahara, nomadic berber tribes paid homage to the caliph. Its founder was muawiyah ibn abi sufyan of the meccan clan of umayyah. It succeeded the rashidun caliphate when muawiyah i became caliph after the first muslim civil war. The umayyad caliphate was the second caliphate after rashidun and was established as a hereditary dynasty. The leaders of islam after the prophet muhammad had the title of caliph, which means successor in arabic. The umayyad caliphate, which emerged after the rashidun caliphate collapsed, was characterized by hereditary elections and territory expansion. Are the rashidun, umayyad and abbasid caliphates separate.
At its peak, the umayyad dynasty was ruling middle east, north africa, iberian peninsula, persia and central asia. The umayyad caliphate was the second of the four major islamic caliphates established after the death of muhammad. Most caliphs, historically, ruled like kings or as attaches to ruling kings at the time in question. Jan 28, 2020 the umayyad dynasty 661750 ce, the first dynasty to take the title of caliphate, was established in 661 ce by muawiya l. The umayyad and abbasid empires boundless world history. The umayyad caliphate ruled the islamic empire from 661750 ce. The umayyad caliphate was the second of the four major arab caliphates established after the death of muhammad.
During their rule they showed brutality and strength, so much so that one would think that they will never be overthrown. The umayyads ruled the islamic world from 661 to 750 c. Although the ottoman rulers usually referred to themselves as sultans instead of caliphs, the ottoman empire fit the definition of a true islamic caliphate. The caliphs built an empire that stretched from india in the east to spain in the west. The abbasid caliphate was a major dynasty that ruled over the islamic empire during its peak. The umayyad caliphate was the second of the four major arab caliphates established after the death of muhammad under the umayyads, the caliphate territory grew rapidly although the umayyad caliphate did not rule all of the sahara, nomadic berber tribes paid homage to the caliph.
By the time of muawiyahs death in 680, he had established damascus as the capital and a system of administration for the. Umayyad dynasty, the first great muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the caliphate 661750. Muawiyah ibn abu sufyan was the first umayyad caliph, ruling from 661 to 680. The caliphate reached its height under his rule, and his support of scholarship helped make lasting achievements of islamic arts and sciences. Umayyad caliphate dynasty that ruled the islamic caliphate from the death of the fourth sunni caliph first shii imam, ali, in 661 until 750. The abbasid caliphate first centred its government in kufa, modernday iraq, but in 762 the caliph almansur founded the city of baghdad, near the ancient sasanian. The abbasid dynasty rose to power in 750 through 8. Marwan ibn alhakam, the leader of the umayyads expelled to syria from medina, was prepared to submit to ibn alzubayr as well, but was instead persuaded to forward his candidacy for the caliphate by ubayd allah, who had fled to syria after being driven out of iraq and strove to uphold umayyad rule. Did the next group of caliphs the umayyad ruled from madinah. The umayyad caliphate ruled much of the muslim world from 661 ce until 750 ce. The umayyad dynasty ruled over the islamic world for almost a century. It was established in the second half of the seventh century and lasted from 661750.
The umayyads ruled effectively and firmly established the political authority of. Under the umayyad caliphate 9291031, cordoba became perhaps the greatest intellectual center of europe, with celebrated libraries and schools. If you are referring to the rightlyguided caliphs, hassan ibn ali ruled as. Umayyad caliphate simple english wikipedia, the free.